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The second step of CCB is to identify and understand the underlying causes and challenges to improvement in the issue you want to focus on in your community. Understanding the causes contributing to the issue of concern will help you to identify some of the potential challenges to improving the issue [2][4][5]. Other potential challenges may include the availability of services; location (i.e., if remote or rural); and barriers such as financial, technology, and language [4].

1. Kretzmann, J. P., & McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building communities from the inside out: a path toward finding and mobilizing a community’s assets. Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Neighborhood Innovations Network, Northwestern University; Distributed by ACTA Publications.

2. Frank, F., & Smith, A. (1999). The Community Development Handbook A Tool to Build Community Capacity for Human Resources Development Canada. https://www.communitylivingbc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/The-community-development-handbook.pdf

3. Cavaye, J. (n.d.). Community Capacity Building Online Toolkit. Department of Communities, Queensland Government. Retrieved February 28, 2023 from www.emergencyvolunteering.com.au/docs/Community_Capacity_Building_Toolkit.pdf

4. Public Health Agency of Canada. (2007). Community Capacity Building Tool: A tool for planning, building and reflecting on community capacity in community based health projects. Alberta/Northwest Territories Region. www.sparc.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/community-capacity-building-tool.pdf

5. Wandersman, A., Duffy, J., Flaspohler, P., Noonan, R., Lubell, K., Stillman, L., Blachman, M., Dunville, R., & Saul, J. (2008). Bridging the Gap Between Prevention Research and Practice: The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3-4), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9174-z

6. Flannigan, K., Unsworth, K., & Harding, K. (2018). The Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. https://canfasd.ca/wp-content/uploads/publications/Prevalence-1-Issue-Paper-FINAL.pdf

7. Cook, J. L., Green, C. R., Lilley, C. M., Anderson, S. M., Baldwin, M. E., Chudley, A. E., Conry J. L., Leblanc, N., Loock, C. A, Lutke, J., Mallon, B. F., McFarlane A. A., Temple V. K., & Rosales, T. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 188(3), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141593

8. Cook, J. L., Green, C. R., Lilley, C. M., Anderson, S. M., Baldwin, M. E., Chudley, A. E., Conry J. L., Leblanc, N., Loock, C. A, Lutke, J., Mallon, B. F., McFarlane A. A., Temple, V. K., & Rosales, T. (2016b). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan (Appendix 1: Full-text version). Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 188(3), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141593

9. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). Alcohol (Canadian Drug Summary). https://www.ccsa.ca/alcohol-canadian-drug-summary

10. Skagerstróm, J., Chang, G., & Nilsen, P. (2011). Predictors of Drinking During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Journal of Women’s Health, 20(6), 901–913. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2216

11. Wolfe, L. (2016). The Allure of Alcohol: Why do Women Continue to Drink during Pregnancy? MotherToBaby. https://mothertobaby.org/baby-blog/allure-alcohol-women-continue-drink-pregnancy/

12. Raymond, N., Beer, C., Glazebrook, C., & Sayal, K. (2009). Pregnant women’s attitudes towards alcohol consumption. BMC Public Health, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-175

13. British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health. (BCCEWH) (n.d.). Why do girls and women drink alcohol during pregnancy? Information for service providers. Retrieved July 25, 2019 from http://bccewh.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Infographics-Alcohol-and-Pregnancy-English.pdf

14. Brown, R. A., Dakkak, H., Gilliland, J., & Seabrook, J. A. (2019). Predictors of drug use during pregnancy: The relative effects of socioeconomic, demographic, and mental health risk factors. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 12(2), https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-1814

15. Poole, N., & Isaac, B. (2001). Apprehensions: Barriers to treatment for substance-using mothers. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health.

16. Poole, N. (2008). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention: Canadian perspectives. Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada.

17. Canadian Management Centre. (2019). Setting SMART Goals. https://cmcoutperform.com/setting-smart-goals

18. Issel, L. M. (2014). Health Program Planning and Evaluation: A Practical, Systematic Approach for Community Health (3rd ed. P. 249). Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

19. Western Australian Centre for Health Promotion Research. (2010). Types of evaluation. My-Peer Toolkit. https://mypeer.org.au/monitoring-evaluation/types-of-evaluation/#:~:text=The%20main%20types%20of%20evaluation